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John Logie Baird, television pioneer.Scottish inventions and discoveries are objects, processes or techniques which owe their existence either partially or entirely to a person born in or descended from Scotland; in some cases, the invention%26#039;s Scottishness is determined by the fact that they were brought into existence in Scotland (e.g. animal cloning), by non-Scots working in the country. Often, things which are discovered for the first time, are also called %26quot;inventions%26quot;, and in many cases, there is no clear line between the two.





The Scots take enormous pride in the history of Scottish invention and discovery. There are many books devoted solely to the subject, as well as scores of websites listing Scottish inventions and discoveries with varying degrees of exhaustiveness and accuracy.





Even before the Industrial Revolution, Scots have been at the forefront of innovation and discovery across a wide range of spheres: the steam engine, the bicycle, tarmacadam roads, the telephone, television, the motion picture, penicillin, electromagnetics, radar, insulin and calculus are only a few of the most significant products of Scottish ingenuity.





The following is a list of inventions or discoveries often held to be in some way Scottish:





This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.


Contents [hide]


1 Road Transport Innovations


2 Civil Engineering Innovations


2.1 Bridges


2.2 Canals %26amp; Docks


2.3 Lighthouses


3 Power Innovations


4 Shipbuilding Innovations


5 Heavy Industry Innovations


6 Agricultural Innovations


7 Communication Innovations


7.1 Some Scottish publishing firsts:


8 Scientific innovations


9 Sports innovations


10 Medical Innovations


11 Household Innovations


12 Weapons Innovations


13 Miscellaneous innovations


14 References


15 See also


16 External links











[edit] Road Transport Innovations


A gas powered things (gas mask) : James Gregory (1638-1675)


A steam car (steam engine): William Murdoch (1754-1839) [1]


Macadam roads: John Loudon McAdam (1756-1836) [1]


Driving on the left: Determined by a Scottish-inspired Act of Parliament in 1772


The pedal bicycle: Kirkpatrick Macmillan (1813-1878) [2]


The pneumatic tyre: Robert William Thomson and John Boyd Dunlop (1822-1873) [3]


The overhead valve engine: David Dunbar Buick (1854-1929)


The speedometer: Sir Keith Elphinstone (1864-1944)


The motor lorry: John Yule in 1870


The steam tricycle: Andrew Lawson in 1895





[edit] Civil Engineering Innovations





[edit] Bridges


Bridge design: Sir William Arrol (1838-1913), Thomas Telford (1757-1834) %26amp; John Rennie (1761-1821)


Suspension bridge improvements: Sir Samuel Brown (1776-1852)


Tubular steel: Sir William Fairbairn (1789-1874)





[edit] Canals %26amp; Docks


Falkirk Wheel: ??? (Opened 2002)


Canal design: Thomas Telford (1757-1834)


Dock design: John Rennie (1761-1821)


The patent slip for docking vessels: Thomas Morton (1781-1832)


Crane design: James Bremner (1784-1856)





[edit] Lighthouses


Lighthouse design: Robert Stevenson (1772-1850)


The Drummond Light: Thomas Drummond (1797-1840)





[edit] Power Innovations


Condensing steam engine %26amp; improvements: James Watt (1736-1819)


Coal-gas lighting: William Murdock (1754-1839)


The Stirling heat engine: Rev. Robert Stirling (1790-1878)


Electro-magnetic innovations: James Clerk Maxwell (1831-79)


Carbon brushes for dynamos: George Forbes (1849-1936)


The Clark cycle gas engine: Sir Dugald Clark (1854-1932)


Wireless transformer improvements: Sir James Swinburne (1858-1958)


Cloud chamber recording of atoms: Charles T. R. Wilson (1869-1959)


Wave-powered electricity generator: Stephen Salter in 1977





[edit] Shipbuilding Innovations


The steamship paddle wheel: Patrick Miller (1731-1815)


The steam boat: William Symington (1763-1831)


Europe%26#039;s first passenger steamboat: Henry Bell (1767-1830)


The first iron-hulled steamship: Sir William Fairbairn (1789-1874)


The first practical screw propeller: Robert Wilson (1803-1882)


Marine engine innovations: James Howden (1832-1913)





[edit] Heavy Industry Innovations


The carronade cannon: Robert Melville (1723-1809)


Making cast steel from wrought iron: David Mushet (1772-1847)


Wrought iron sash bars for glass houses: John C. Loudon (1783-1865)


The hot blast oven: James Beaumont Neilson (1792-1865)


The steam hammer: James Nasmyth (1808-1890)


Wire rope: Robert Stirling Newall (1812-1889)


Steam engine improvements: William Mcnaught (1831-1881)


The Fairlie, a narrow gauge, double-bogey railway engine: Robert Francis Fairlie (1831-1885)


Cordite - Sir James Dewar, Sir Frederick Abel





[edit] Agricultural Innovations


Threshing machine improvements: James Meikle (c.1690-c.1780) %26amp; Andrew Meikle (1719-1811)


Hollow pipe drainage: Sir Hugh Dalrymple, Lord Drummore (1700-1753)


The Scotch Plough: James Anderson of Hermiston (1739-1808)


Deanstonisation soil-drainage system: James Smith (1789-1850)


The mechanical reaping machine: Rev. Patrick Bell (1799-1869)


The Fresno Scraper: James Porteous (1848-1922)


The Tuley tree shelter: Graham Tuley in 1979





[edit] Communication Innovations


Print stereotyping: William Ged (1690-1749)


The balloon post: John Anderson (1726-1796)


The adhesive postage stamp and the postmark: James Chalmers (1782-1853)


The post office


The mail-van service


Universal Standard Time: Sir Sandford Fleming (1827-1915)


Light signalling between ships: Admiral Philip H. Colomb (1831-1899)


The telephone: Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) [ debated ]


The teleprinter: Frederick G. Creed (1871-1957)


The television: John Logie Baird (1888-1946)


Radar: Robert Watson-Watt (1892-1973)


Fax Machine - Alexander Bain


Radio (underlying principles) - James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879)





[edit] Some Scottish publishing firsts:


The first book translated from English into a foreign language


The first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1768-81)


The first English textbook on surgery (1597)


The first modern pharmacopaedia, the Materia Medica Catalogue (1776)


The first textbook on Newtonian science


The first colour newspaper advertisement


The first postcards and picture postcards in the UK





[edit] Scientific innovations


Logarithms: John Napier (1550-1617)


Popularising the decimal point: John Napier (1550-1617)


The Gregorian telescope: James Gregory (1638-1675)


The concept of latent heat: Joseph Black (1728-1799)


The pyroscope, atmometer and aethrioscope scientific instruments: Sir John Leslie (1766-1832)


Identifying the nucleus in living cells: Robert Brown (1773-1858)


Hypnosis: James Braid (1795-1860)


Colloid chemistry: Thomas Graham (1805-1869)


The kelvin SI unit of temperature: William Thompson, Lord Kelvin (1824-1907)


Devising the diagramatic system of representing chemical bonds: Alexander Crum Brown (1838-1922)


Criminal fingerprinting: Henry Faulds (1843-1930)


The noble gases: Sir William Ramsay (1852-1916)


The Cloud chamber: Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (1869-1959)


Pioneering work on nutrition and poverty: John Boyd Orr (1880-1971)


The ultrasound scanner: Ian Donald (1910-1987)


Ferrocene synthetic substances: Peter Ludwig Pauson in 1955


The MRI body scanner: John Mallard in 1980


The first cloned mammal (Dolly the Sheep): The Roslin Institute research centre in 1996


Seismometer - James David Forbes





[edit] Sports innovations


Main article: Sport in Scotland


Scots have been instrumental in the invention and early development of several sports:





several modern athletics events, notably the shot put and the hammer throw, derive from Highland Games events


Curling


Cycling, invention of the pedal-cycle


Golf


Mountaineering


Shinty


Basketball (see James Naismith)





[edit] Medical Innovations


Devising the cure for scurvy: James Lind (1716-1794)


Discovering quinine as the cure for malaria: George Cleghorn (1716-1794)


Pioneering the use of surgical anaesthesia with Chloroform: Sir James Young Simpson (1811-1870)


The hypodermic syringe: Alexander Wood (1817-1884)


Pioneering the use of antiseptics: Joseph Lister (1827-1912)


Identifying the mosquito as the carrier of malaria: Sir Ronald Ross (1857-1932)


Identifying the cause of brucellosis: Sir David Bruce (1855-1931)


Discovering the vaccine for typhoid fever: Sir William B. Leishman (1865-1926)


Discovering insulin: John J R Macleod (1876-1935) with others


Penicillin: Sir Alexander Fleming (1881-1955)


Discovering an effective tuberculosis treatment: Sir John Crofton in the 1950s


Primary creator of the artificial kidney (Professor Kenneth Lowe - Later Queen%26#039;s physician in Scotland)


Developing the first beta-blocker drugs: Sir James W. Black in 1964


Glasgow Coma Scale: Graham Teasdale and Bryan J. Jennett (1974)





[edit] Household Innovations


The Dewar Flask: Sir James Dewar (1847-1932)


The piano with footpedals: John Broadwood (1732-1812)


The waterproof macintosh: Charles Macintosh (1766-1843)


The kaleidoscope: Sir David Brewster (1781-1868)


The modern lawnmower: Alexander Shanks (1801-1845)


The Lucifer friction match: Sir Isaac Holden (1807-1897){


Paraffin: James Young (1811-1883)


The fountain pen: Robert Thomson (1822-1873)


Cotton-reel thread: J %26amp; J Clark of Paisley


Lime Cordial: Lachlan Rose in 1867


Bovril beef extract: John Lawson Johnston in 1874


The life ring, or personal flotation device: Captain Ward in 1854


Electric clock - Alexander Bain





[edit] Weapons Innovations


The Ferguson rifle: Patrick Ferguson in 1770 or 1776


The Lee bolt system as used in the Lee-Metford and Lee-Enfield series rifles: James Paris Lee


The Ghillie suit


Economist Adam Smith; Smith was born in 1723, hailing from Kirkaldy, a Scottish town north of Edinburgh; the 18th century Scot considered to be the father of modern economics; Smith%26#039;s ``An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, which argued that minimal government interference in commerce would promote human welfare and alleviate poverty, was published in 1776. He is the first Scotsman to appear on the central bank%26#039;s currency in England, replacing Elgar%26#039;s image in the next few years on as many as 1 billion notes.








[edit] Miscellaneous innovations


The digestive biscuit, invented by McVitie%26#039;s in Edinburgh in 1892 by Alexander Grant.


Boys%26#039; Brigade


Bank of England


Bank of Scotland


Bank of France


Colour photography: the first known permanent colour photograph was taken by James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879)

Do you agree with (the norm) who answered my?
Susie, Be proud that you are five years behind the other lot.


Do you really want to go where they are?


You know your very beautiful country and its achievements


Your very brave fighting men


The wonderful bagpipes ( I defy anyone not to have their heart in their mouths and tears in their eyes when listening to them)


I could go on and on - Do I need to, the people who matter know!!!! The rest are just ignoramus%26#039;s
Reply:yer kiddin%26#039;, right?


I couldn%26#039;t figure out your question, but the only Scot (by heritage) was my husband, and he was so tight we couldn%26#039;t get into the garage nor the second bedroom, nor the basement cause he saved everything for that one day we might need it. To appease him his mother located their family crest (three bucks).
Reply:yes i do agree with (the norm). forget your %26quot;righteous nationalistic pride%26quot; for a second and actually travel. you%26#039;ll soon realise he%26#039;s correct.





scotland is about 5 years behind england, which is about 10 years behind the states.
Reply:Susie, I am sorry I missed the original question so I don%26#039;t know what the norm may be.





I tend to side with CC. Why compare one country or person to another? Why is being 5 years behind (if that is the case) the rest of Europe bad?





One of the heirs to Sam Walton%26#039;s fortune (huge, monolithic discount store in the USA, Wal Mart) drives a Ford F 150 pickup truck (a run of the mill, average, regular vehicle) certainly not commiserate with the funds she has available to spend. She choses to be %26#039;behind the times%26#039; so to speak.





Who ever said that all technology is beneficial? Whoever said that having electronic relationships via the internet is better than greeting, smiling and talking with your neighbor?





Personally, I would rather be a little anachronistic than futuristic. But that%26#039;s me. And I have great respect for you and your country.





Is it 5 or 10 years behind anybody? I don%26#039;t know. Is it better or worse than anybody? I don%26#039;t know. Is it different from anybody? Absolutely, and I am glad for it.
Reply:No I do not agree with that person.you all are alright in my book.
Reply:I%26#039;m really here nor there on your question. I just don%26#039;t understand your intense reaction. I don%26#039;t see the connection between inventions and discoveries, and being or not being up with the times. I%26#039;m part Scottish and to me, Scotland is a land of enchantment, where the ghosts of much history, brave men and fair ladies have sanctified the land to be forever emboldened with the signs of chivalry and character. Maybe in some ways of the world it is behind the times. I say; so much the better. Scotland may be enshrined in it%26#039;s past. To me nothing could say more to the strength of her people. I wish where I live was 50 years behind the times. Be thankful for what you have.
Reply:I think you hold the record for the longest question ever asked!!
Reply:Don%26#039;t forget Alexander McCall Smith, author extraordinaire.
Reply:Think Norm must%26#039;ve hit a nerve!
Reply:Sure i agree with the norm ,but i could not find anything norm about the size of that question .Whew.Try guiness Book of Records.



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